Writing an LLVM backend

1. Introduction
2. Writing a backend
   1. Machine backends
      1. Outline
      2. Implementation details
   2. Language backends
3. Related reading material

Written by Misha Brukman

Introduction

This document describes techniques for writing backends for LLVM which convert the LLVM representation to machine assembly code or other languages.

Writing a backend
Machine backends
Outline

In general, you want to follow the format of X86 or PowerPC (in `lib/Target`).

To create a static compiler (one that emits text assembly), you need to implement the following:

- Describe the register set
  - Create a TableGen description of the register set and register classes
  - Implement a subclass of `MRegisterInfo`
- Describe the instruction set
  - Create a TableGen description of the instruction set
  - Implement a subclass of `TargetInstrInfo`
- Describe the target machine
  - Create a TableGen description of the target that describes the pointer size and references the instruction set
  - Implement a subclass of `TargetMachine`, which configures `TargetData` correctly
  - Register your new target using the `RegisterTarget` template:

        RegisterTarget<MyTargetMachine> M("short_name", "  Target name");

    Here, MyTargetMachine is the name of your implemented subclass of `TargetMachine`, short_name is the option that will be active following `-march=` to select a target in llc and lli, and the last string is the description of your target to appear in `-help` listing.
- Implement the assembly printer for the architecture. Usually, if you have described the instruction set with the assembly printer generator in mind, that step can be almost automated.

You also need to write an instruction selector for your platform. The recommended method is the pattern-matching instruction selector, examples of which you can see in other targets: `lib/Target/*/*ISelPattern.cpp`. The former method for writing instruction selectors (not recommended for new targets) is evident in `lib/Target/*/*ISelSimple.cpp`, which are `InstVisitor`-based translators, generating code for an LLVM instruction at a time. Creating an instruction selector is perhaps the most time-consuming part of creating a back-end.

To create a JIT for your platform:

- Create a subclass of `TargetJITInfo`
- Create a machine code emitter that will be used to emit binary code directly into memory, given `MachineInstr`s

Note that `lib/target/Skeleton` is a clean skeleton for a new target, so you might want to start with that and adapt it for your target, and if you are wondering how things are done, peek in the X86 or PowerPC target.

The Skeleton target is non-functional but provides the basic building blocks you will need for your endeavor.

Implementation details

- TableGen register info description - describe a class which will store the register's number in the binary encoding of the instruction (e.g., for JIT purposes).

  You also need to define register classes to contain these registers, such as the integer register class and floating-point register class, so that you can allocate virtual registers to instructions from these sets, and let the target-independent register allocator automatically choose the actual architected registers.

      // class Register is defined in Target.td
      class TargetReg<string name> : Register<name> {
        let Namespace = "Target";
      }

      class IntReg<bits<5> num, string name> : TargetReg<name> {
        field bits<5> Num = num;
      }

      def R0 : IntReg<0, "%R0">;
      ...

      // class RegisterClass is defined in Target.td
      def IReg : RegisterClass<i64, 64, [R0, ... ]>;

- TableGen instruction info description - break up instructions into classes, usually that's already done by the manufacturer (see instruction manual). Define a class for each instruction category. Define each opcode as a subclass of the category, with appropriate parameters such as the fixed binary encoding of opcodes and extended opcodes, and map the register bits to the bits of the instruction which they are encoded in (for the JIT). Also specify how the instruction should be printed so it can use the automatic assembly printer, e.g.:

      // class Instruction is defined in Target.td
      class Form<bits<6> opcode, dag OL, string asmstr> : Instruction {
        field bits<42> Inst;

        let Namespace = "Target";
        let Inst{0-6} = opcode;
        let OperandList = OL;
        let AsmString = asmstr;
      }

      def ADD : Form<42, (ops IReg:$rD, IReg:$rA, IReg:$rB), "add $rD, $rA, $rB">;

Language backends

For now, just take a look at `lib/Target/CBackend` for an example of how the C backend is written.

Related reading material

- Code generator - describes some of the classes in code generation at a high level, but it is not (yet) complete
- TableGen fundamentals - describes how to use TableGen to describe your target information succinctly
- Debugging code generation with bugpoint - shows bugpoint usage scenarios to simplify backend development