			======================
			Live Variable Analysis
			======================

1. Introduction
===============

Purpose: This file contains implementation information about live variable
	 analysis. 
Author : Ruchira Sasanka
Date   : Dec 8, 2001



2. Entry Point
==============
The class MethodLiveVarInfo (declared in MethodLiveVarInfo.h and implemented in
MethodLiveVarInfo.cpp) is the main entry point of live variable analysis. This
class performs live variable analysis of one method. This class implements
iterative live variable analysis.


3. Usage
========
This class must be used like:	

       MethodLiveVarInfo MLVI( Mehtod *);  // initializes data structures
       MLVI.analyze();                     // do the actual live variable anal


After the live variable analysis is complete, the user can call methods to get

(1) InSet/OutSet of any BasicBlock:

     (a) MethodLiveVarInfo::getOutSetOfBB
     (b) MethodLiveVarInfo::getInSetOfBB

(2) Any LiveVarSet before/after a machine instruction in method: 

     (a) MethodLiveVarInfo::getLiveVarSetBeforeMInst
     (b) MethodLiveVarInfo::getLiveVarSetBeforeMInst

 See MethodLiveVarInfo.h for interface methods.


 Note:
 ----
 The live var set before an instruction can be obtained in 2 ways:

 1. Use the method getLiveVarSetAfterInst(Instruction *) to get the LV Info 
    just after an instruction. (also exists getLiveVarSetBeforeInst(..))

    This function calculates the LV info for a BB only once and caches that 
    info. If the cache does not contain the LV info of the instruction, it 
    calculates the LV info for the whole BB and caches them.

    Getting liveVar info this way uses more memory since, LV info should be 
    cached. However, if you need LV info of nearly all the instructions of a
    BB, this is the best and simplest interface.


 2. Use the OutSet and applyTranferFuncForInst(const Instruction *const Inst) 
    declared in LiveVarSet and  traverse the instructions of a basic block in 
    reverse (using const_reverse_iterator in the BB class). 

    This is the most memory efficient method if you need LV info for 
    only several instructions in a BasicBlock. An example is given below:


    LiveVarSet LVSet;  // this will be the set used to traverse through each BB

    // Initialize LVSet so that it is the same as OutSet of the BB
    LVSet.setUnion( LVI->getOutSetOfBB( *BBI ) );  
 
    BasicBlock::InstListType::const_reverse_iterator 
      InstIterator = InstListInBB.rbegin(); // get the rev iter for inst in BB

      // iterate over all the instructions in BB in reverse
    for( ; InstIterator != InstListInBB.rend(); InstIterator++) {  

      //...... all  code here which uses LVSet ........

      LVSet.applyTranferFuncForInst(*InstIterator);

      // Now LVSet contains live vars ABOVE the current instruction
    }

    See buildInterferenceGraph() in ../llvm/lib/CodeGen/RegAlloc/ for the 
    above example.


4. Input and Preconditions
==========================

Live variable analysis is done using machine instructions. The constructor
to the class takes a pointer to a method, and machine instructions must be
already available for this method before calling the constructor.

The preconditions are:

1. Instruction selection is complete (i.e., machine instructions are 
   generated) for the method before the live variable analysis



5. Assumptions
==============
1. There may be dummy phi machine instructions in the machine code. The code
   works with and without dummy phi instructions (i.e., this code can be
   called before or after phi elimination). Currently, it is called without
   phi instructions.

2. Only the basic blocks that can be reached by the post-order iterator will
   be analyzed (i.e., basic blocks for dead code will not be analyzed). The 
   live variable sets returned for such basic blocks is not defined.



6. Data Structures, Classes and Main Objects
============================================

LiveVarSet: This class implements a basic live variable set. It contains a
set of Value objects.

BBLiveVar: This class is used to keep live variable information like the inset,
outset, etc. about a basic block. We create one object of this type for each
basic block in the original method in  MethodLiveVarInfo::constructBBs(). This
class is declared in BBLiveVar.h


BBToBBLiveVarMapType: This class is used to create a map between the original
basic blocks in the method and new BBLiveVar objects created for each original
basic block. There is only one object of this type called  BB2BBLVMap in 
class MethodLiveVarInfo. 

MInstToLiveVarSetMapType: This class is used to create a map between a machine
instruction and a LiveVarSet before/after that machine instruction. There are
two objects of this type:  MInst2LVSetBI and  MInst2LVSetAI, declared in 
class is declared in BBLiveVar.h. Both these objects are used as caches. When a
user of class MethodLiveVarInfo requests a LiveVarSet before/after a machine'
instruction, these two caches are used to find the those live variable sets
quickly. See MethodLiveVarInfo::calcLiveVarSetsForBB for implementation.


7. Algorithms
=============

7.1 LiveVaraible Analysis Algorithm
------------------------------------

Live variable analysis is done using iterative analysis. The main steps are:

1. Construct BBLiveVar objects for each BasicBlock in the method. 
2. While OutSets change
     do one pass over the entire CFG


The above algorithm is implemented in:

 	MethodLiveVarInfo::analyze()      	
	MethodLiveVarInfo::doSingleBackwardPass() 



7.2 Algorithm for obtaining LiveVarSets before/after a machine instruction 
--------------------------------------------------------------------------

 LiveVarSets before/after a machine instruction can be obtained using:

     (a) MethodLiveVarInfo::getLiveVarSetBeforeMInst
     (b) MethodLiveVarInfo::getLiveVarSetBeforeMInst

 The basic algorithm is:

1. When a LiveVarSet before/after a machine instruction is requested, look
   in the  MInst2LVSetBI/MInst2LVSetAI to see whether a LiveVarSet is
   calculated and already entered in the corresponding cache. 

   If yes, 
   	just return the LiveVarSet from the cache
   Else
        call MethodLiveVarInfo::calcLiveVarSetsForBB to calculate live variable
	sets for ALL machine instructions in a BasicBlock and to enter all 
	those calculated LiveVarSets in caches ( MInst2LVSetBI/MInst2LVSetAI)


8. Future work
==============
If it is necessary to do live variable analysis using LLVM instructions rather
than using machine instructions, it is easy to modify the existing code to
do so. Current implementation use isDef() to find any MachineOperand is a
definition or a use. We just need to change all the places that check whether
a particular Value is a definition/use with MachineInstr. Instead, we
would check whether an LLVM value is a def/use using LLVM instructions. All
the underlying data structures will remain the same. However, iterators that
go over machine instructions must be changed to the corresponding iterators
that go over the LLVM instructions. The logic to support Phi's in LLVM
instructions is already there. In fact, live variable analysis was first
done using LLVM instructions and later changed to use machine instructions.
Hence, it is quite straightforward to revert it to LLVM instructions if
necessary.







