[MLIR][cmake][NFC] Check for incorrect usage of LLVM components in LINK_LIBS

Using LLVM components in LINK_LIBS means that the mechanisms for
replacing component dependencies with libLLVM.so break.  Try to catch
this incorrect usage up front, instead of waiting until later when we
get difficult to understand runtime errors from incorrectly linked
libraries.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D80103