[ELF] Use namespace qualifiers (lld:: or elf::) instead of `namespace lld { namespace elf {`

Similar to D74882. This reverts much code from commit
bd8cfe65 (D68323) and fixes some
problems before D68323.

Sorry for the churn but D68323 was a mistake. Namespace qualifiers avoid
bugs where the definition does not match the declaration from the
header. See
https://llvm.org/docs/CodingStandards.html#use-namespace-qualifiers-to-implement-previously-declared-functions (D74515)

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D79982