Add _LIBCPP_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P support.

Summary:
This change adds the macros _LIBCPP_COMPILER_HAS_BUILTIN_CONSTANT and _LIBCPP_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P to detect compile time constants, and optimze the code accordingly.

A planned usage example:
The implementation of basic_string::assign() can short-cut a compile time known short string assignent into a fast and compact inlined assignment:

```
basic_string::assign(const value_type* __s) {
  if (_LIBCPP_BUILTIN_CONSTANT_P(__s[0]) && length(__s) < __min_cap) {
    copy(pointer(), _s, length(__s) + 1);
    set_size(length(__s));
  } else {
    // delegate / tail call out of line implementation
  }
}
```

Subscribers: christof, libcxx-commits

Tags: #libc

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D73732