[libc++] P2401: conditional noexcept for std::exchange

Implement P2401 which adds a `noexcept` specification to
`std::exchange`. Treated as a defect fix which is the motivation for
applying this change to all standards mode rather than just C++23 or
later as the paper suggests.

Reviewed By: Quuxplusone, Mordante, #libc

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D111481