[DebugInfo][InstrRef] Accept register-reads after isel in any block

When lowering LLVM-IR to instruction referencing stuff, if a value is
defined by a COPY, we try and follow the register definitions back to where
the value was defined, and build an instruction reference to that
instruction. In a few scenarios (such as arguments), this isn't possible.
I added some assertions to catch cases that weren't explicitly whitelisted.

Over the course of a few months, several more scenarios have cropped up,
the lastest is the llvm.read_register intrinsic, which lets LLVM-IR read an
arbitary register at any point. In the face of this, there's little point
in validating whether debug-info reads a register in an expected scenario.
Thus: this patch just deletes those assertions, and adds a regression test
to check that something is done with the llvm.read_register intrinsic.

Fixes #54190

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D121001