[MLIR][Affine] Simplify nested modulo operations when able

It is the case that, for all positive a and b such that b divides a
(e mod (a * b)) mod b = e mod b. For example, ((d0 mod 35) mod 5) can
be simplified to (d0 mod 5), but ((d0 mod 35) mod 4) cannot be simplified
further (x = 36 is a counterexample).

This change enables more complex simplifications. For example,
((d0 * 72 + d1) mod 144) mod 9 can now simplify to (d0 * 72 + d1) mod 9
and thus to d1 mod 9. Expressions with chained modulus operators are
reasonably common in tensor applications, and this change _should_
improve code generation for such expressions.

Reviewed By: nicolasvasilache

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D109930