[ValueTracking] soften assert for invertible recurrence matching

There's a TODO comment in the code and discussion in D99912
about generalizing this, but I wasn't sure how to implement that,
so just going with a potential minimal fix to avoid crashing.

The test is a reduction beyond useful code (there's no user of
%user...), but it is based on https://llvm.org/PR50191, so this
is asserting on real code.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D101772