[profiling] Improve error message for raw profile header mismatches

When a user uses a mismatched clang + llvm-profdata, they didn't get a very
informative error message. It would just say "unsupported version".

As a result, users are often confused as to what they are supposed to do and
tend to assume that it's a bug in the profiling runtime.

This patch improves the error message by:

- Adding a new class of error (`raw_profile_version_mismatch`) to make it clear
  that, specifically, the *raw profile* version is unsupported because of a
  tool mismatch.

- Adding an error message that tells the user which raw profile version was
  encountered, which version was expected, and instructs them to align their
  tool versions.

To support this, this patch also updates `InstrProfError::take` to also
propagate the optional error message.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D149361