[Attributor] Be more careful to not disturb the CG outside the SCC

We have seen various problems when the call graph was not updated or
the updated did not succeed because it involved functions outside the
SCC. This patch adds assertions and checks to avoid accidentally
changing something outside the SCC that would impact the call graph.
It also prevents us from reanalyzing functions outside the current
SCC which could cause problems on its own. Note that the transformations
we do might cause the CG to be "more precise" but the original one would
always be a super set of the most precise one. Since the call graph is
by nature an approximation, it is good enough to have a super set of all
call edges.