Use __is_identifier to detect Clang extensions instead of __has_extension.

When -pedantic-errors is specified `__has_extension(<feature>)` is always
false when it would otherwise be true. This causes C++03 <atomic> to break
along with other issues.

This patch avoids the above problem by using __is_identifier(...) instead since
it is not affected by -pedantic-errors. For example instead of checking for
__has_extension(c_atomics) we now check `!__is_identifier(_Atomic)`, which
is only true when _Atomic is not a keyword provided by the compiler.

This patch applies similar changes to the detection logic for __decltype and
__nullptr as well.

Note that it does not apply this change to the C++03
`static_assert` macro since -Wc11-extensions warnings generated by expanding
that macro will appear in user code, and will not be suppressed as part of a
system header.

llvm-svn: 291995