[Attributor] Use proper ID for attribute lookup

Summary:
The new scheme is similar to the pass manager and dyn_cast scheme where
we identify classes by the address of a static member. This is better
than the old scheme in which we had to "invent" new Attributor enums if
there was no corresponding one.

Reviewers: sstefan1, uenoku

Subscribers: hiraditya, bollu, llvm-commits

Tags: #llvm

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D65710

llvm-svn: 367951