Restore "[ThinLTO] Add additional ThinLTO pipeline testing with new PM"

This restores 2af97be8 (reverted at
6288f86e), with all the fixes I had
applied at the time, along with a new fix for non-determinism in the
ordering of a couple of passes due to being accessed as parameters on
the same call.

I've also added --dump-input=fail to the new tests so I can more
thoroughly fix any additional failures.