[libc++] improve feature test macro script

I've been playing a bit with the `generate_feature_test_macro_components.py` script and replaced some hardcoded values with extra code generation (generate ALL the things).
The output is the same and it makes updating the script less work for the coming 25 C++ standards (until 2 digit number overflow).

Feel free to 'veto' if you think it's overkill.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D94530