[-fms-extensions] Make some exception specification warnings/errors compatible...

[-fms-extensions] Make some exception specification warnings/errors compatible with what cl.exe does

Make clang-cl error when a function definition is missing 'noexcept',
and succeed without warnings when missing '__declspec(nothrow)' or 'throw'.

Fixes pr52860

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D116256