[mlir] Add Float Attribute, Integer Attribute and Bool Attribute subclasses to python bindings.

Based on PyAttribute and PyConcreteAttribute classes, this patch implements the bindings of Float Attribute, Integer Attribute and Bool Attribute subclasses.
This patch also defines the `mlirFloatAttrDoubleGetChecked` C API which is bound with the `FloatAttr.get_typed` python method.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D88531