[clangd] IncludeCleaner: Attribute symbols from non self-contained headers to their parents

When a symbol comes from the non self-contained header, we recursively uplift
the file we consider used to the first includer that has a header guard. We
need to do this while we still have FileIDs because every time a non
self-contained header is included, it gets a new FileID but is later
deduplicated by HeaderID and it's not possible to understand where it was
included from.

Based on D114370.

Reviewed By: sammccall

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D114623