[libc++] Remove workarounds for [[nodebug]] not working properly on typedefs in older Clangs

Clang used to support [[nodebug]] everywhere except on typedefs. Since
we don't support such old Clangs anymore, we can get rid of _LIBCPP_NODEBUG_TYPE
in favour of always using _LIBCPP_NODEBUG.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D108996