[locale] Avoid copy of __atoms when char_type is char

The function num_get<_CharT>::stage2_int_prep makes unnecessary copy of src
into atoms when char_type is char. This can be avoided by creating
a switch on type and just returning __src when char_type is char.

Added the test case to demonstrate performance improvement.
In order to avoid ABI incompatibilities, the changes are guarded
with a macro _LIBCPP_ABI_OPTIMIZED_LOCALE_NUM_GET

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D30268
Reviewed by: EricWF

llvm-svn: 305427