[libc++] Implement P1394r4 for span: range constructor

Implement https://wg21.link/p1394 which allows span to be constructible
from any contiguous forwarding-range that has a compatible element type.

Fixes https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=51443

Reviewed By: ldionne, Quuxplusone, #libc

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D110503