[Sanitizer][Darwin] Lookup dyld image header via shared cache

On macOS 13+, dyld itself has moved into the shared cache.  Looking it
up via vm_region_recurse_64() now causes spins/hangs/crashes.  We use a
different set of dyld APIs to find the image header in the shared cache.

rdar://92131949

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D128936