[scudo][standalone] Small changes to the fastpath

There are a few things that I wanted to reorganize for a while:
- the loop that incrementally goes through classes on failure looked
  horrible in assembly, mostly because of `LIKELY`/`UNLIKELY` within
  the loop. So remove those, we are already in an unlikely scenario
- hooks are not used by default on Android/Fuchsia/etc so mark the
  tests for the existence of the weak functions as unlikely
- mark of couple of conditions as likely/unlikely
- in `reallocate`, the old size was computed again while we already
  have it in a variable. So just use the one we have.
- remove the bitwise AND trick and use a logical AND, that has one
  less test by using a purposeful underflow when `Size` is 0 (I
  actually looked at the assembly of the previous code to steal that
  trick)
- move the read of the options closer to where they are used, mark them
  as `const`

Overall this makes things a tiny bit faster, but cleaner.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D92689