[libc++] Implement P0980R1 (constexpr std::string)

Reviewed By: #libc, ldionne

Spies: daltenty, sdasgup3, ldionne, arichardson, MTC, ChuanqiXu, mehdi_amini, shauheen, antiagainst, nicolasvasilache, arpith-jacob, mgester, lucyrfox, aartbik, liufengdb, stephenneuendorffer, Joonsoo, grosul1, Kayjukh, jurahul, msifontes, tatianashp, rdzhabarov, teijeong, cota, dcaballe, Chia-hungDuan, wrengr, wenzhicui, arphaman, Mordante, miscco, Quuxplusone, smeenai, libcxx-commits

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D110598