[scudo] Application & platform compatibility changes

Summary:
This patch changes a few (small) things around for compatibility purposes for
the current Android & Fuchsia work:
- `realloc`'ing some memory that was not allocated with `malloc`, `calloc` or
  `realloc`, while UB according to http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/009695399/functions/realloc.html
  is more common that one would think. We now only check this if
  `DeallocationTypeMismatch` is set; change the "mismatch" error
  messages to be more homogeneous;
- some sketchily written but widely used libraries expect a call to `realloc`
  to copy the usable size of the old chunk to the new one instead of the
  requested size. We have to begrundingly abide by this de-facto standard.
  This doesn't seem to impact security either way, unless someone comes up with
  something we didn't think about;
- the CRC32 intrinsics for 64-bit take a 64-bit first argument. This is
  misleading as the upper 32 bits end up being ignored. This was also raising
  `-Wconversion` errors. Change things to take a `u32` as first argument.
  This also means we were (and are) only using 32 bits of the Cookie - not a
  big thing, but worth mentioning.
- Includes-wise: prefer `stddef.h` to `cstddef`, move `scudo_flags.h` where it
  is actually needed.
- Add tests for the memalign-realloc case, and the realloc-usable-size one.

(Edited typos)

Reviewers: alekseyshl

Reviewed By: alekseyshl

Subscribers: llvm-commits

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D36754

llvm-svn: 311018