Recover more gracefully from stack exhaustion during template argument

deduction.

Template argument deduction can trigger substitution, both with
explicitly-specified template arguments and with deduced template
arguments in various ways. We previously had no check for stack
exhaustion along some of those codepaths, making it fairly easy to crash
clang with a template resulting in a substitution that referred back to
that same template. We should now produce a proper diagnostic for such
cases rather than crashing.