[mlir][arith] Add narrowing patterns for subi, divsi, and divui

Each of these ops is compatible with only one extension kind and
produces an extra result bit.

I checked these transformation in Alive2:
1. subi + extsi: https://alive2.llvm.org/ce/z/ipmZZA
2. divsi + extsi: https://alive2.llvm.org/ce/z/fAcqUv
3. divui + extui: https://alive2.llvm.org/ce/z/QZJpFp

Reviewed By: antiagainst

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D149531