[AST] CastExpr: BasePathSize is not large enough.

Summary:
rC337815 / D49508 had to cannibalize one bit of `CastExprBitfields::BasePathSize` in order to squeeze `PartOfExplicitCast` boolean.
That reduced the maximal value of `PartOfExplicitCast` from 9 bits (~512) down to 8 bits (~256).
Apparently, that mattered. Too bad there weren't any tests.
It caused [[ https://bugs.llvm.org/show_bug.cgi?id=38356 | PR38356 ]].

So we need to increase `PartOfExplicitCast` back at least to 9 bits, or a bit more.
For obvious reasons, we can't do that in `CastExprBitfields` - that would blow up the size of every `Expr`.
So we need to either just add a variable into the `CastExpr` (as done here),
or use `llvm::TrailingObjects`. The latter does not seem to be straight-forward.
Perhaps, that needs to be done not for the `CastExpr` itself, but for all of it's `final` children.

Reviewers: rjmccall, rsmith, erichkeane

Reviewed By: rjmccall

Subscribers: bricci, hans, cfe-commits, waddlesplash

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D50050

llvm-svn: 338489