Verifier: Check operands of MDType subclasses and MDCompileUnit

Add verify checks for `MDType` subclasses and for `MDCompileUnit`.
These new checks don't yet incorporate everything from `Verify()`, but
at least they sanity check the operands.  Also downcast accessors as
possible.

A lot of these accessors can't be downcast as far as we'd like because
of arrays of typed objects (stored in a generic `MDTuple`) and
`MDString`-based type references.  Eventually I'll port over `DIRef<>`
and `DITypedArray<>` from `DebugInfo.h` to clean those up as well.

Updated bitrotted testcases separately in r233415 and r233443 to reduce
churn on the off-chance this needs to be reverted.

llvm-svn: 233446