Optimize path::remove_dots

LLD calls this on every source file string in every object file when
writing PDBs, so it is somewhat hot.

Avoid rewriting paths that do not contain path traversal components
(./..). Use find_first_not_of(separators) directly instead of using the
path iterators. The path component iterators appear to be slow, and
directly searching for slashes makes it easier to find double separators
that need to be canonicalized.

I discovered that the VFS relies on remote_dots to not canonicalize
early slashes (/foo or C:/foo) on Windows, so I had to leave that
behavior behind with unit tests for it. This is undesirable, but I claim
that my change is NFC.