[libc++] Enable aligned allocation based on feature test macro, irrespective of standard

Summary:
The current code enables aligned allocation functions when compiling in C++17
and later. This is a problem because aligned allocation functions might not
be supported on the target platform, which leads to an error at link time.

Since r338934, Clang knows not to define __cpp_aligned_new when it's not
available on the target platform -- this commit takes advantage of that to
only use aligned allocation functions when they are available.

Reviewers: vsapsai, EricWF

Subscribers: christof, dexonsmith, cfe-commits, EricWF, mclow.lists

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D50344

llvm-svn: 339431