[NFC] Fix performance issue in LiveDebugVariables

When compiling AMDGPUDisassembler.cpp in a stage 1 trunk build with
CMAKE_BUILD_TYPE=RelWithDebInfo LLVM_USE_SANITIZER=Address LiveDebugVariables
accounts for 21.5% wall clock time. This fix reduces that to 1.2% by switching
out a linked list lookup with a map lookup.

Note that the linked list is still used to group UserValues by vreg. The vreg
lookups don't cause any problems in this pathological case.

This is the same idea as D68816, which was reverted, except that it is a less
intrusive fix.

Reviewed By: vsk

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D77226