[MLIR] Templated AffineExprBaseRef

This CL implements AffineExprBaseRef as a templated type to allow LLVM-style
casts to work properly. This also allows making AffineExprBaseRef::expr
private.

To achieve this, it is necessary to use llvm::simplify_type and make
AffineConstExpr derive from both AffineExpr and llvm::simplify<AffineExprRef>.
Note that llvm::simplify_type is just an interface to enable the proper
template resolution of isa/cast/dyn_cast but it otherwise holds no value.

Lastly note that certain dyn_cast operations wanted the const AffineExpr* form
of AffineExprBaseRef so I made the implicit constructor take that by default
and documented the immutable behavior. I think this is consistent with the
decision to make unique'd type immutable by convention and never use const on
them.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 215642247