Add an option to print an operation if a diagnostic is emitted on it

It is often helpful to inspect the operation that the error/warning/remark/etc. originated from, especially in the context of debugging or in the case of a verifier failure. This change adds an option 'mlir-print-op-on-diagnostic' that attaches the operation as a note to any diagnostic that is emitted on it via Operation::emit(Error|Warning|Remark). In the case of an error, the operation is printed in the generic form.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 280021438