[Local] replaceAllDbgUsesWith: Update debug values before RAUW

The replaceAllDbgUsesWith utility helps passes preserve debug info when
replacing one value with another.

This improves upon the existing insertReplacementDbgValues API by:

- Updating debug intrinsics in-place, while preventing use-before-def of
  the replacement value.
- Falling back to salvageDebugInfo when a replacement can't be made.
- Moving the responsibiliy for rewriting llvm.dbg.* DIExpressions into
  common utility code.

Along with the API change, this teaches replaceAllDbgUsesWith how to
create DIExpressions for three basic integer and pointer conversions:

- The no-op conversion. Applies when the values have the same width, or
  have bit-for-bit compatible pointer representations.
- Truncation. Applies when the new value is wider than the old one.
- Zero/sign extension. Applies when the new value is narrower than the
  old one.

Testing:

- check-llvm, check-clang, a stage2 `-g -O3` build of clang,
  regression/unit testing.
- This resolves a number of mis-sized dbg.value diagnostics from
  Debugify.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D48676

llvm-svn: 336451