ADT: Fix const-correctness of iterator facade

Fix the const-ness of `iterator_facade_base::operator->` and
`iterator_facade_base::operator[]`. This is a follow-up to
1b651be0, which fixed const-ness of
various iterator adaptors.

Iterators, like the pointers that they generalize, have two types of
`const`.

  - The `const` qualifier on members indicates whether the iterator
    itself can be changed. This is analagous to `int *const`.
  - The `const` qualifier on return values of `operator*()`,
    `operator[]()`, and `operator->()` controls whether the the
    pointed-to value can be changed. This is analogous to `const int*`.

If an iterator facade returns a handle to its own state, then T (and
PointerT and ReferenceT) should usually be const-qualified. Otherwise,
if clients are expected to modify the state itself, the field can be
declared mutable or a const_cast can be used.