[libcxxabi] Refactor pthread usage into a separate API

This patch refactors all pthread uses of libc++abi into a separate API. This
is the first step towards supporting an externlly-threaded libc++abi library.

I've followed the conventions already used in the libc++ library for the same
purpose.

Patch from: Saleem Abdulrasool and Asiri Rathnayake

Reviewed by: compnerd, EricWF

Differential revisions:
  https://reviews.llvm.org/D18482 (original)
  https://reviews.llvm.org/D24864 (final)

llvm-svn: 284128