[PM/Inliner] Add a test case that encapsulates the core issue addressed

in r297374.

I've extracted a small version of this from the C++ metaprogram Richard
came up with to exercise these kinds of issues and written comments to
describe both how to reproduce a fresh version of the test case and what
likely failure modes are.

The test case is still a bit brittle as it depends on the particular
inline cost modeling and SCC visitation order, but it definitely would
have caught the bug right away when developing things so it seems
a really valuable test case to have.

llvm-svn: 297935