[sanitizer] Initial implementation of a Hardened Allocator

Summary:
This is an initial implementation of a Hardened Allocator based on Sanitizer Common's CombinedAllocator.
It aims at mitigating heap based vulnerabilities by adding several features to the base allocator, while staying relatively fast.
The following were implemented:
- additional consistency checks on the allocation function parameters and on the heap chunks;
- use of checksum protected chunk header, to detect corruption;
- randomness to the allocator base;
- delayed freelist (quarantine), to mitigate use after free and overall determinism.
Additional mitigations are in the works.

Reviewers: eugenis, aizatsky, pcc, krasin, vitalybuka, glider, dvyukov, kcc

Subscribers: kubabrecka, filcab, llvm-commits

Differential Revision: http://reviews.llvm.org/D20084

llvm-svn: 271968