[mlir][Pass] Add a new `Pass::getArgument` hook

Summary: This hook allows for passes to specify the command line argument without the need for registration. More concretely this will allow for generating pass crash reproducers without needing to have the passes registered. This should remove the need for production tools to register passes, leaving that solely to development tools like mlir-opt.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D77907