[Attributor] Fix TODO to avoid recomputation of results

The helpers AAReturnedFromReturnedValues and
AACallSiteReturnedFromReturned are useful not only to avoid code
duplication but also to avoid recomputation of results. If we have N
call sites we should not recompute the function return information N
times but once. These are mostly straightforward usages with some minor
improvements on the helpers and addition of a new one
(IRPosition::getAssociatedType) that knows about function return types.