[libcxx][ranges] adds `ranges::range`, `ranges::common_range`, and range aliases

* `std::ranges::range`
* `std::ranges::sentinel_t`
* `std::ranges::range_difference_t`
* `std::ranges::range_value_t`
* `std::ranges::range_reference_t`
* `std::ranges::range_rvalue_reference_t`
* `std::ranges::common_range`

`range_size_t` depends on `sized_range` and will be added alongside it.

Implements parts of:
    * P0896R4 The One Ranges Proposal`

Depends on D100255.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D100269