[scudo][standalone] Add flags & related parsers

Summary:
As with other Sanitizers, and the current version of Scudo, we can
provide flags in differents way: at compile time, through a weak
function, through an environment variable.

This change adds support for the configuration flags, and the string
parsers. Those are fairly similar to the sanitizer_common way of doing
things.

Reviewers: morehouse, hctim, vitalybuka

Reviewed By: morehouse, vitalybuka

Subscribers: mgorny, delcypher, jdoerfert, #sanitizers, llvm-commits

Tags: #llvm, #sanitizers

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D59597

llvm-svn: 358011