Refactor backend diagnostics for unsupported features

Re-commit of r258951 after fixing layering violation.

The BPF and WebAssembly backends had identical code for emitting errors
for unsupported features, and AMDGPU had very similar code. This merges
them all into one DiagnosticInfo subclass, that can be used by any
backend.

There should be minimal functional changes here, but some AMDGPU tests
have been updated for the new format of errors (it used a slightly
different format to BPF and WebAssembly). The AMDGPU error messages will
now benefit from having precise source locations when debug info is
available.

llvm-svn: 259498