[flang] runtime: Read environment variables directly

Add support for reading environment variables directly, via std::getenv.
This needs to allocate a C-style string to pass into std::getenv. If the
memory allocation for that fails, we terminate.

This also changes the interface for EnvVariableLength to receive the
source file and line so we can crash gracefully.

Note that we are now completely ignoring the envp pointer passed into
ProgramStart, since that could go stale if the environment is modified
during execution.

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D111785