clang: Switch C compilations to C17 by default.

Summary:
Matches GCC 8.1 (2018).

Updates documentation+release notes as well.

See also https://reviews.llvm.org/rL220244.

Reviewers: rsmith, aaron.ballman

Reviewed By: rsmith, aaron.ballman

Subscribers: aaron.ballman, dschuff, aheejin, simoncook, s.egerton, cfe-commits, hans, srhines

Tags: #clang

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D75383