[mlir] Refactor the implementation of pass crash reproducers

The current implementation has several key limitations and weirdness, e.g local reproducers don't support dynamic pass pipelines, error messages don't include the passes that failed, etc. This revision refactors the implementation to support more use cases, and also be much cleaner.

The main change in this revision, aside from moving the implementation out of Pass.cpp and into its own file, is the addition of a crash recovery pass instrumentation. For local reproducers, this instrumentation handles setting up the recovery context before executing each pass. For global reproducers, the instrumentation is used to provide a more detailed error message, containing information about which passes are running and on which operations.

Example of new message:

```
error: Failures have been detected while processing an MLIR pass pipeline
note: Pipeline failed while executing [`TestCrashRecoveryPass` on 'module' operation: @foo]: reproducer generated at `crash-recovery.mlir.tmp`
```

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D101854