[ValueTracking] use nonnull argument attribute to eliminate null checks

Enhancing value tracking's analysis of null-ness was suggested in D27855, so here's a first attempt at that.

This is part of solving:
https://llvm.org/bugs/show_bug.cgi?id=28430

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D28204

llvm-svn: 294897