[mlir][bufferization] Support general Attribute as memory space

MemRef has been accepting a general Attribute as memory space for
a long time. This commits updates bufferization side to catch up,
which allows downstream users to plugin customized symbolic memory
space. This also eliminates quite a few `getMemorySpaceAsInt`
calls, which is deprecated.

Reviewed By: springerm

Differential Revision: https://reviews.llvm.org/D138330