[MLIR] AffineExpr lightweight value type for operators

This CL proposes adding MLIRContext* to AffineExpr as discussed previously.
This allows the value class to not require the context in its constructor and
makes it a POD that it makes sense to pass by value everywhere.
A list of other RFC CLs will build on this. The RFC CLs are small incremental
pushes of the API which would be a pretty big change otherwise.

Pushing the thinking a little bit more it seems reasonable to use implicit
cast/constructor to/from AffineExpr*.
As this thing evolves, it looks to me like IR (and
probably Parser, for not so good reasons) want to operate on AffineExpr* and
the rest of the code wants to operate on the value type.

For this reason I think AffineExprImpl*/AffineExpr may also make sense but I
do not have a particular naming preference.
The jury is still out for naming decision between the above and
AffineExprBase*/AffineExpr or AffineExpr*/AffineExprRef.

PiperOrigin-RevId: 215641596